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Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, are solid mineral and salt deposits that form inside the kidneys. The condition can be caused by various factors, including genetics, dehydration, and poor diet, leading to symptoms such as intense pain in the back, sides, or groin, nausea and vomiting, and difficulty urinating.

To diagnose kidney stones, your healthcare provider may recommend a physical exam and imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment options for kidney stones range from medication to surgical procedures and depend on the size, location, and composition of the stones. Medications can help alleviate pain, while non-invasive procedures like extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) aim to break up the stones into smaller pieces. More invasive procedures, such as ureteroscopy or percutaneous nephrolithotomy, may be necessary for larger or more complex stones.

Certain lifestyle changes can help prevent kidney stones from forming, including staying hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids, maintaining a healthy diet low in sodium and oxalate-rich foods, and avoiding certain medications and supplements. Natural remedies such as herbal supplements and acupuncture may also be helpful in managing pain, although more research is needed to confirm their effectiveness.

In addition to medical treatment and lifestyle changes, surgical intervention may be necessary in some cases of kidney stones, especially if there is a risk of complications such as urinary tract infections or obstruction of the urinary tract. For some patients, surgery may be the best option, particularly if they have large stones or a history of recurrent stones.